Turner and Killian's Emergent Norm Theory Differs from Social Contagion

question 100

Multiple Choice

Turner and Killian's emergent norm theory differs from social contagion theories and psychological models emphasizing deindividuation in that behavior in crowds is viewed as:

• A)both pleasurable and destructive
• B)constructed and rational
• C)spontaneous rather than reactive
• D)the product of macro-level, as well as micro-level, social forces
• E)the reflection of innate impulses (i.e., Mead's "I")

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Definitions:

Fixed Interval

A schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed, leading to a pattern of response immediately after the interval passes.

Variable Interval

describes a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed, enhancing response consistency.

Fixed-ratio

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is rewarded after a certain number of responses have been made.

Variable-ratio

A type of reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses, making it very effective in maintaining high rates of responding.