A 46-Year-Old Female Exhibits Signs of Congestive Heart Failure

question 10

Multiple Choice

A 46-year-old female exhibits signs of congestive heart failure.After an ultrasound and MRI were performed,right ventricular hypertrophy was observed.The only other accompanying defect was an atrial septal defect in the upper portion of the interatrial wall.What might be an etiology mechanism leading to the formation of this defect?

• A) Neural crest cell migration into the heart was perturbed.
• B) There was an incursion of the spina vestibuli into the interatrial wall.
• C) Ostium primum was not closed by the atrioventricular septum.
• D) Atrioventricular cushion tissue did not form.
• E) Ostium secundum was abnormally large.

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Definitions:

Likelihood of Occurrence

Likelihood of occurrence refers to the probability that a given event will happen, often used in statistics to estimate outcomes.

Parameter

A numerical characteristic that describes a statistical population; it's a fixed value, though often unknown.

Sampling Distribution

The probability distribution of a statistic based on a large number of samples or simulations.

Nonnormal Population

Refers to a population that does not follow a normal distribution, which can affect the choice of statistical methods used for analysis.