You Have Decided to Analyze the Year-To-Year Variation in Temperature $\widehat { \operatorname { Temp } _ { t } ^ { B O S } } = 18.19 + 0.75 \times \operatorname { Temp } _ { t - 1 } ^ { B O S } ; R ^ { 2 } = 0.62$

question 15

Essay

You have decided to analyze the year-to-year variation in temperature data. Specifically you want to use this year's temperature to predict next year's temperature for certain cities. As a result, you collect the daily high temperature (Temp)for 100 randomly selected days in a given year for three United States cities: Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles. You then repeat the exercise for the following year. The regression results are as follows (heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors in parentheses): $\widehat { \operatorname { Temp } _ { t } ^ { B O S } } = 18.19 + 0.75 \times \operatorname { Temp } _ { t - 1 } ^ { B O S } ; R ^ { 2 } = 0.62$ , SER $= 12.33$
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ (6.46) $( 0.10 )$

$\widehat { \text { Temp } { } _ { t } ^ { C H I } } = 2.47 + 0.95 \times$ Temp $\underset { t - 1 } { C H I } ; R ^ { 2 } = 0.93 , S E R = 5.85$
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ (3.98) (0.05)

$\widehat { \operatorname { Temp } _ { t } ^ { L A } } = 37.54 + 0.44 \times \operatorname { Temp } _ { t - 1 } ^ { L A } ; R ^ { 2 } = 0.18 , S E R = 7.17$
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ (15.33) (0.22)
(a)What is the prediction of the above regression for Los Angeles if the temperature in the previous year was 75 degrees? What would be the prediction for Boston?
(b)Assume that the previous year's temperature gives accurate predictions, on average, for this year's temperature. What values would you expect in this case for the intercept and slope? Sketch how each of the above regressions behaves compared to this line.
(c)After reflecting on the results a bit, you consider the following explanation for the above results. Daily high temperatures on any given date are measured with error in the following sense: for any given day in any of the three cities, say January 28, there is a true underlying seasonal temperature (X), but each year there are different temporary weather patterns (v, w)which result in a temperature $\hat { X }$ different from X. For the two years in your data set, the situation can be described as follows: $X _ { t 1 }$ = X + v_t and $X _ { t 2 }$ = X + w_t
Subtracting $X _ { t 1 }$ from $X _ { t 2 }$ , you get $X _ { t 2 }$ = $X _ { t 1 }$ + w_t - v_t. Hence the population parameter for the intercept and slope are zero and one, as expected. Show that the OLS estimator for the slope is inconsistent, where $\hat { \beta } _ { 1 } \xrightarrow {p} 1 - \frac { \sigma _ { v } ^ { 2 } } { \sigma _ { X } ^ { 2 } + \sigma _ { v } ^ { 2 } }$ (d)Use the formula above to explain the differences in the results for the three cities. Is your mathematical explanation intuitively plausible?

Understand the concept and various examples of strategy implementation.

Distinguish between strategic alliances, mergers, and acquisitions.

Recognize the concept and purpose of vertical integration in managing environmental dependencies.

Grasp the significance of establishing organizational legitimacy and the methods to achieve it.

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