Answer the Questions That Follow This SPSS Output:
Descriptives

question 11

Essay

Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
Descriptives
RINCDOL Respondent's income; ranges recoded to midpoints
$\begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|r|}\hline & & & & \\& {\mathrm{N}} &{\text { Mean }} & \text { Std. Deviation } & \text { Std. Error } \\\hline \text { Less than high school } & 58 & 22043.10 & 19115.137 & 2509.940 \\\text { High school } & 223 & 34060.54 & 21343.362 & 1429.257 \\\text { Junior college or more } & 173 & 48882.95 & 29731.887 & 2260.474 \\\text { Total } & 454 & 38173.46 & 26273.624 & 1233.082 \\\hline\end{array}$
ANOVA
RINCDOL Respondent's income; ranges recoded to midpoints
$\begin{array}{|l|c|r|r|r|c|}\hline & {\begin{array}{l}\text { Sum of } \\\text { Squares }\end{array}} & {\text { df }} & \text { Mean Square } & {\mathrm{F}} & \text { Sig. } \\\hline \text { Between Groups } & 3.87 \mathrm{E}+10 & 2 & 1.935 \mathrm{E}+10 & 31.854 & .000 \\\text { Within Groups } & 2.74 \mathrm{E}+11 & 451 & 607543829.7 & & \\\text { Total } & 3.13 \mathrm{E}+11 & 453 & & & \\\hline\end{array}$
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: RINCDOL Respondent's income; ranges recoded to midpoints Bonferroni
$\begin{array}{|ll|c|c|c|}\hline & & & & \\\text { (l) NDEGREE Degree } & \text { (J) NDEGREE Degree } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Mean } \\\text { Difference } \\(\mathrm{I}-\mathrm{J})\end{array} & \text { Std. Error } & \text { Sig. } \\\hline \text { Less than high school } & \text { High school } & -12017.43^{*} & 3633.085 & .003 \\& \text { Junior college or more } & -26839.84^{*} & 3739.881 & .000 \\\hline \text { High school } & \text { Less than high school } & 12017.43^{*} & 3633.085 & .003 \\& \text { Junior college or more } & -14822.41^{*} & 2497.244 & .000 \\\hline \text { Junior college or more } & \text { Less than high school } & 26839.84^{*} & 3739.881 & .000 \\& \text { High school } & 14822.41^{*} & 2497.244 & .000 \\\hline\end{array}$
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is a difference in the average income among the following groups: those with less than a high school degree, those with just a high school degree, and those with at least a junior college degree."
A) What is your null hypothesis?
B) Are your sample results consistent with the null hypothesis or the research hypothesis? (null / research)
C) What is the probability of getting the sample results you got if the null hypothesis is true? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".)
D) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?)
E) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)
F) Is it appropriate to discuss the results of the post hoc multiple comparisons tests? (yes / no)
G) If it is appropriate to discuss the post hoc multiple comparison tests, which pairs of groups are probably different from one another in the population? If it is not appropriate, explain why it is not appropriate.

• A) What is your null hypothesis?
• B) Are your sample results consistent with the null hypothesis or the research hypothesis? (null / research)
• C) What is the probability of getting the sample results you got if the null hypothesis is true? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".)
• D) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?)
• E) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)
• F) Is it appropriate to discuss the results of the post hoc multiple comparisons tests? (yes / no)
• G) If it is appropriate to discuss the post hoc multiple comparison tests, which pairs of groups are probably different from one another in the population? If it is not appropriate, explain why it is not appropriate.

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Definitions:

North American Free Trade Agreement

An agreement among the United States, Canada, and Mexico designed to remove tariff barriers between the three countries.

European Community

A term historically used to describe the European Union (EU) and its predecessor organizations, focused on integrating member states to enhance economic cooperation.

Trade Restrictions

Measures such as tariffs, quotas, and embargoes implemented by governments to control international trade and protect domestic industries.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

An international trade treaty designed to boost economic recovery by reducing quotas and tariffs.