Which of the Following Threats to External Validity Happens When

question 15

Multiple Choice

Which of the following threats to external validity happens when subjects discover the experiment's purpose?

• A) reactive arrangements
• B) multiple treatment interference
• C) experimenter effects
• D) pretest sensitization

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Definitions:

Defensiveness

A psychological reaction characterized by the need to protect oneself from criticism, perceived threat, or vulnerability, often hindering open communication.

Body Orientation

Body orientation refers to the positioning of an individual’s body, which can communicate attitudes, feelings, or intentions non-verbally in social interactions.

Nonverbal Communication

The process of conveying a message without the use of words, through gestures, facial expressions, and body language.

Less Positively

A manner or perspective that is characterized by a reduction in optimism, encouragement, or affirmation compared to a more positive outlook.