GWAS Data Have Identified Multiple Genes Associated with Autoimmune Diseases $\alpha$

question 31

Multiple Choice

GWAS data have identified multiple genes associated with autoimmune diseases. These data indicate the presence of polymorphisms in the gene sequence among the human population, where certain alleles are increased among patients with a particular autoimmune disease. One example is the gene encoding the IL-2R $\alpha$ chain. Interestingly, several of the polymorphisms in this gene that are found to be increased in patients with multiple sclerosis do not alter the protein coding sequence, and therefore do not result in differences in the amino acid sequence of the IL-2R $\alpha$ chain protein between healthy individuals and those with the disease-associated allele. Instead, it is likely that these allelic differences in the IL-2R $\alpha$ chain locus:

• A) Alter the levels of expression or cell-type specificity of the IL-2R\(\alpha\) chain protein
• B) Are in sequences that affect a neighboring gene, rather than affecting the IL-2R\(\alpha\) chain gene
• C) Are associated with healthy versus autoimmune individuals, but do not play a causal role in disease incidence
• D) Alter post-translational modifications of the IL-2R\(\alpha\) chain protein, rather than the amino acid sequence
• E) Affect the signal transduction proteins that need to associate with the IL-2R for intracellular signaling

Analyze the long-run equilibrium in monopolistic competition, particularly zero economic profits and inefficiencies.

Explain the impact of brand loyalty and demand elasticity on monopolistic competition.

Differentiate between the characteristics of monopolistic competition and other market structures.

Understand the role of advertising and product differentiation in monopolistic competition.

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Definitions:

GPAs

Grade Point Averages, a numerical calculation representing the average value of the accumulated final grades earned in courses over time.

Campuses

Plural for campus, referring to the grounds and buildings of a university or college where academic activities take place.

Kruskal-Wallis Test

A nonparametric statistical test used to compare three or more independent samples, determining if there is a statistically significant difference between them.

Significance Level

The likelihood of incorrectly dismissing the null hypothesis in a statistical analysis when it is in fact correct.