Yersinia Pestis, the Causative Agent of the Bubonic Plague, Has $\alpha$

question 25

Multiple Choice

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of the bubonic plague, has multiple mechanisms of immune evasion. This Gram-negative bacterium is transmitted from fleas (body temperature, 26°C) to humans (body temperature, 37°C) by flea bites. Studies have shown that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by Y. pestis grown at 37°C is about 10-fold less potent at stimulating TLR4 signaling than is the Y. pestis LPS from bacteria grown at 26°C. When these two forms of Y. pestis LPS are compared for their abilities to induce responses from human macrophages, one would expect that the 26°C Y. pestis LPS would result in:

• A) Increased production of antimicrobial peptides
• B) Reduced production of IL-10
• C) Increased production of TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6
• D) Reduced production of Type I interferons
• E) Increased activation of the inflammasome

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Definitions:

Maladaptive Behaviors

Actions or tendencies that are counterproductive to oneself or to societal expectations and can interfere with functioning and personal goals.

Synaptic Potential

The potential difference across a synapse that influences the probability of neuron firing by facilitating or inhibiting neuronal signals.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist famous for founding psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology.

WWII

The Second World War, a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations.