In Germinal Centers, Proliferating B Cells Undergo a Process Called

question 23

Multiple Choice

In germinal centers, proliferating B cells undergo a process called somatic hypermutation, in which mutations are introduced into the V regions of the antibody heavy and light chain genes. When this process is complete after several weeks, the overall affinities of the antibodies produced are greatly increased compared to those present early in the primary response. The somatic hypermutation process leads to increased antibody affinity because:

• A) Mutations that decrease the antibody affinity lead to an arrest of B cell proliferation.
• B) B cells making higher affinity antibodies receive more help from T_FH cells.
• C) Somatic hypermutations only take place in the sequences encoding the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions.
• D) Mutations that increase antibody affinity lead to an increased rate of B cell proliferation.
• E) The majority of nucleotide changes introduced by AID don't change the amino acid coding sequence.

Understand strategies for reducing intergroup conflict and enhancing cooperation among teams.

Analyze the importance of status within teams and its effects on group processes and outcomes.

Understand the dynamics of group identification in disadvantaged vs. advantaged groups.

Grasp the relationship between perceived self-value and status within groups.

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Definitions:

Nonvolatile Memory

A memory designed to retain its data while its power supply is turned off.

Programmed Contents

Data or instructions that have been configured into a system or device to control its operation.

Operating Power

The amount of power required by a device or system to perform its designated functions under normal conditions.

Optical Isolation

Electrical separation of two circuits with the use of an optical coupler.