Autoimmune Diseases Such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid

question 37

Multiple Choice

Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are characterized by high levels of circulating autoreactive antibodies in the patient's circulation. An analysis of developing B cells in the bone marrow of these individuals might reveal that in some cases:

• A) Developing B cells become anergic in response to strong B-cell receptor cross-linking by multivalent self-antigens.
• B) Developing B cells are excluded from the B-cell follicles in the bone marrow and undergo rapid cell death.
• C) sIgM-positive developing B cells show premature down-regulation of RAG recombinase proteins prior to the onset of receptor editing.
• D) Hyperactive B-cell receptor signaling leads to rapid turnover of self-reactive developing B cells.
• E) Developing B cells have defects in allelic exclusion and express two different B-cell receptors on their surface.

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Definitions:

Null Hypothesis

A default hypothesis that there is no significant difference or effect, used as a basis for statistical testing.

Weight Loss Strategy

A plan or approach designed to achieve a reduction in body weight, often involving changes in diet and exercise routines.

Critical Value

A point on the scale of a test statistic beyond which we reject the null hypothesis; it marks the threshold for statistical significance.

Sample Size

Sample Size refers to the number of observations or data points collected in a statistical sample.