An Important Transcription Factor Activated by Antigen Receptor Signaling in Lymphocytes

question 14

Multiple Choice

An important transcription factor activated by antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes is an NF $\kappa$ B heterodimer of the two subunits, p50 and p65Rel. Defects in the I $\kappa$ B-kinase complex (NEMO) or mutations in I $\kappa$ B that prevent its phosphorylation interfere with NF $\kappa$ B activation and result in severe immunodeficiency diseases. This is due to the important function of:

• A) NEMO in targeting p50:p65Rel for ubiquitination and degradation
• B) NEMO in ubiquitinating I\(\kappa\)B causing its release from NF\(\kappa\)B
• C) I\(\kappa\)B in blocking the DNA binding activity of NF\(\kappa\)B
• D) I\(\kappa\)B as a chaperone to promote NF\(\kappa\)B nuclear localization
• E) NEMO in phosphorylating I\(\kappa\)B inducing its degradation, thereby releasing NF\(\kappa\)B

Recognize the significance of blood components in immune reactions and blood clotting.

Grasp the concept of blood volume composition and the distribution of blood cells.

Understand the functions of organs involved in the formation and destruction of blood cells.

Understand the endocrine function of glands related to the immune system.

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Definitions:

Earphones

A set of small loudspeakers that fit directly in or over the ears for individual listening.

Microseconds

A unit of time equal to one millionth (10^-6) of a second.

Auditory Neurons

Specialized neurons that transmit sound information from the ear to the brain, allowing for hearing.

Loudness

The perception of how strong or intense a sound seems, which can be influenced by its amplitude and frequency.