Any Change That Can Be Directly Attributed to the Independent

question 507

Multiple Choice

Any change that can be directly attributed to the independent variable after controlling for other possible outcomes is called:

• A) the main effect.
• B) the statistically significant effect.
• C) a pseudoscientific effect.
• D) a demand characteristic effect.

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Definitions:

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior, encouraging the occurrence of desired behaviors.

Observational Learning

A learning process through which behaviors are acquired by watching and imitating others.

Primary Reinforcers

Stimuli that are naturally rewarding and satisfy basic biological needs, such as food, water, and warmth, and do not require learning to be effective.