If a Researcher Conducts an Experiment in Which the Independent

question 162

Multiple Choice

If a researcher conducts an experiment in which the independent variable is poorly defined (i.e., has a poor operational definition) , then the experiment can be said to have ____.

• A)low internal validity
• B)low external validity
• C)low construct validity of the cause
• D)low construct validity of the effect

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Definitions:

Emotional Experience

The complex feelings or states that arise from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.

Whitewater Rafting

An outdoor recreational activity that uses an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water with varying degrees of rough water.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences, such as smiling leading to feeling happier.

James-Lange Theory

A concept suggesting that emotions arise following physiological responses to occurrences.