Individuals with the HIV-Induced Immunodeficiency Disease AIDS Have a Progressive $\alpha$

question 14

Multiple Choice

Individuals with the HIV-induced immunodeficiency disease AIDS have a progressive loss in the number of CD4 T cells in their bodies. These patients have a greatly increased rate of life-threatening disease caused by the inability of their immune system to control infections of the intracellular bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) . Mtb infects macrophages and then replicates in the cell's phagosomes. The most important immune mechanism lacking in these patients that leads to their increased susceptibility to Mtb is a defect in:

• A) CD4 T cell help for cytotoxic effector CD8 T cells
• B) The activation of macrophages by T_H1 effector cells
• C) The production of opsonizing antibodies that requires T_FH cell help for B cells
• D) The production of TNF-\(\alpha\) by the infected macrophages
• E) The recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection

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Definitions:

UCS

An acronym for Unconditioned Stimulus, which in classical conditioning theory is an event that naturally and automatically triggers a specific response without previous conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

A process of learning that takes place when there is a connection between an environmental trigger and a stimulus that occurs naturally.

Previously Neutral

Refers to a stimulus that initially elicits no innate response until it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus in the learning process of classical conditioning.

Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus through conditioning.