B-1 B Cells Are Considered a Component of the Innate

question 20

Multiple Choice

B-1 B cells are considered a component of the innate rather than the adaptive immune response. The antibodies produced by B-1 B cells generally recognize capsular polysaccharide antigens found on many bacteria and viruses. These antibodies are considered part of the innate immune response because:

• A) They recognize pathogens rather than innocuous harmless antigens.
• B) They are produced prior to the exposure to the pathogen.
• C) They are specific for carbohydrate rather than protein antigens.
• D) They are secreted by B-1 B cells starting at 48 hour post-infection.
• E) They are not generated by the process of VD-J recombination of immunoglobulin genes.

---

Definitions:

Economic Profits

Profits that exceed the opportunity costs of all resources used by a firm, including both explicit and implicit costs.

Accounting Profits

The financial gain calculated by subtracting total explicit costs from total revenue, as recorded in the financial statements.

Explicit Costs

Costs that involve direct monetary payment by a business to purchase or maintain resources.

Usury Law

Legal regulations that set maximum interest rates that can be charged on loans to protect consumers against excessively high rates.