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Pathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms are direct effects of the pathogen, some damaging mechanisms result from the immune response to the infection, as illustrated in Figure . Examples of damage caused by the host immune response are:
Supination
The rotational movement of the forearm or foot that results in the palm or sole facing upwards or forwards.
Pronation
The rotation of the hand or forearm so that the palm faces downwards or backwards, or the inward roll of the foot during normal motion.
Depression
A mental health disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.
Elevation
Movement of a structure in a superior direction.
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