Characterize the Variables in the Expectancy Model

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The Answer is The first variable is first-level outcomes that are the results of behavior associated with doing the job itself. This would include level of performance, amount of absenteeism, and quality of work. The second variable is second-level outcomes, which are the rewards that first-level outcomes are likely to produce. This might include a pay increase, a promotion, or a dismissal. Expectancy is the third variable and is the belief that a particular level of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance. This ranges from a level of 0, in which you see no chance that a first-level outcome will occur to +1, which indicates certainty that a particular first-level outcome will follow from your behavior. A fourth variable is instrumentality, which is the relationship between first-level outcomes and second-level outcomes. It ranges in value from -1 to +1. The final variable is valence, which an individual's preference for a particular second-level outcome. A positive valence is reflected in respect from coworkers, having job security, and earning enough money to support a family. A negative valence includes being laid off or being passed over for a promotion.

Characterize the Variables in the Expectancy Model

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